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EI2GYB > PACKET 12.09.21 13:17l 168 Lines 9233 Bytes #999 (0) @ WW
BID : 14414_EI2GYB
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Subj: INTRODUCTION TO PACKET RADIO - PART 10
Path: IW8PGT<IZ3LSV<IR1UAW<IW2OHX<UA6ADV<I0OJJ<GB7CIP<EI2GYB
Sent: 210912/1112Z @:EI2GYB.DGL.IRL.EURO #:14414 BPQ6.0.22
INTRODUCTION TO PACKET RADIO - PART 10 - By Larry Kenney, WB9LOZ
In this and the next part of the series we're going to take an in depth
look at the packet node network. In part 4 I explained how to use the
network for connecting to another station. Now we'll look at the other
features a node offers.
Using the packet node network can make your operating time on packet more
enjoyable and it can greatly expand the area that you can reach. The
network of NET/ROM, TheNet, G8BPQ and KAM nodes is expanding very quickly
and now covers most of the country. New nodes are showing up almost daily.
Thanks to all of these stations and the interconnecting links, you can now
connect to stations in many distant places using a low powered 2 meter rig.
Some nodes are set up for cross-banding, and with the introduction of
nodes on 10 meter FM, there's the possibility of working a station just
about anywhere.
A packet node, in most cases, is still set up for digipeater operation, so
you can still use it as a regular digipeater, but for most of your connec-
tions you'll want to use the node features. Why? When using a string of
digipeaters your packets have to reach their destination parity correct
and the receiving TNC has to return an acknowledgement (ack) to your TNC
for each packet to be accepted. As you add more digipeaters to the path
the chances of each packet being accepted becomes less and less. Other
stations on the frequencies being used and noise along the route can be the
cause of many retries. When using a node, however, your packets no longer
have to reach their destination before the acknowledgements are returned to
your TNC. Each node acknowledges your packet as its sent along the way
toward its destination.
If you've been monitoring lately, you might have seen the nodes in action.
You might have wondered why they were sending all of those weird symbols
like @fx/<~|. What you're seeing is the nodes communicating with each
other and updating their node lists. You also might have noted callsigns
with high numbered SSIDs, such as WB9LOZ-14, WA6DDM-15, W6PW-12, etc. The
nodes change the SSIDs of all stations that originate packets so that the
callsigns sent via the network are not the same as those sent directly.
If you were to use a node to connect to another station in the local area,
there's the possibility of your packets being received by this station both
from you directly and from the node. If the callsign through the node
wasn't changed, the TNCs involved would be totally confused as it would
appear that two stations were connecting using the same callsign. The node
automatically changes the SSID using the formula 15-N, where N is your
usual SSID. A call with -0 becomes -15, a -1 becomes -14, -2 becomes -13,
etc.
The node network is very simple to use. As explained in part 4, to use the
node network you first connect to a local node. It should be one where you
can connect to it direct with good signal strength. Once you've connected,
you then have several options -- connect to another station within range of
the node, connect to another node, connect to an associated BBS, obtain a
list of the nodes that are available, or check route and user status. On
NET/ROM and TheNet nodes you can also answer or call CQ.
There are several commands available on your local node. All have CONNECT,
NODES, ROUTES and USERS, and depending on the type of node you're using,
you might also find the BBS, BYE, CQ, INFO, MHEARD, PARMS or PORTS commands
available.
THE PACKET NODE COMMANDS:
CONNECT: The CONNECT command (which can be abbreviated as C) is used just
like you use the CONNECT command with your TNC. To connect to another
local station using a node, first connect to the node and then enter C
followed by the callsign of the station you want to reach. To connect to
another node you can use either the callsign or the alias. For example,
to connect to the BERKLY:WB9LOZ-2 node you can use C WB9LOZ-2 or you can
use the alias, C BERKLY. Either one will work. Review part 4 of this
series for more information on making connections via the node network.
There's a special consideration when making connections from a node using
the G8BPQ Packet Switch software. Since these nodes are capable of having
several different frequencies operating from the one node, you have to
indicate which frequency port you want to make your connection on. The
PORTS command, abbreviated P, will give you a list of the ports available,
such as this:
SF:WB9LOZ-1} Ports:
1 144.99 MHz
2 223.56 MHz
3 441.50 MHz
You then insert the port number between the C and the callsign, such as
C 1 WB6QVU, to indicate which frequency you want to use, in this case the
port 1 frequency of 144.99 MHz.
NODES COMMAND: The nodes command can be abbreviated as N and when entered
without any other information will give you a listing of other nodes that
can be worked from the node you're using. The list contains both the alias
and the callsign of each node. The alias might give you a hint of a node's
location, but you'll need a list of the local nodes to be able to tell for
sure where each node is located. (You'll probably find node lists in the
file section of your local BBS.) As you move from node to node, the list
of nodes you find will vary in length and will contain different callsigns
since all of the frequencies are not linked.
The NODES command has a feature that gives you a simple way to find out how
easy it will be to connect to another node in the list. All you need to do
is enter N followed by either the alias or callsign of the node that you
want to reach, such as:
N FRESNO or N W6ZFN-2
You'll receive a report showing up to three routes to the node you asked
about, how good these routes are and how up to date the information is. If
there is no information available, you will receive either "Not found" or
the complete node list, depending on the type of node or switch you're
using.
Let's take a look at a typical report you would receive after entering
N FRESNO. If you were connected to a NET/ROM or TheNet node the report
would look like this:
SFW:W6PW-1} Routes to: FRESNO:W6ZFN-2
105 6 0 WB9LOZ-1
78 6 0 W6PW-6
61 5 0 WA8DRZ-7
If you were connected to a G8BPQ packet switch you would see one less
column in the report and it would look like this:
SF:WB9LOZ-1} Routes to: FRESNO:W6ZFN-2
> 126 6 W6PW-10
78 6 W6PW-6
60 4 W6PW-1
Each line is a route to the node you asked about. The symbol > indicates
a route that's in use. The first number is the quality of the route. 255
is the best possible quality and means a direct connect via hard wire to a
coexisting node at the same site; zero is the worst, and means that the
route is locked out. 192 is about the best over the air quality you'll
find, and it usually means that the node is only one hop away. If you see
a quality of less than 80, you'll probably have a difficult time getting
any information through via that route. The second number is the one that
tells you how up to date the information is; it's call the obsolescence
count. This number is a 6 when the information for the route is less than
an hour old. For each hour that an update on the route is not received,
this number is decreased by one. A 5 means the information is an hour old,
a 4 means that it's two hours old, and so on. The next number, shown only
on NET/ROM and TheNet nodes, indicates the type of port. A 0 is an HDLC
port; a 1 is an RS-232 port. You don't need to pay any attention to this
figure. The callsign is that of the neighboring node that's next in line
on the route.
This quick check on a node that you want to reach can save you a lot of
time. You'll know immediately whether or not the node is available, and if
it is, how good the available routes are to it. You then won't have to
spend time trying to connect to a node that isn't available or is of poor
quality.
If you find that there's a decent route to the node or switch you want to
reach, it's normally best to let the network make the connection for you.
Simply enter a connect to the alias or callsign you want rather than
connecting to each individual node along the route yourself.
If a route exists but the quality is not very good, you might want to
connect to the neighboring node shown for the best route, then do another
quality check, repeating this procedure until you find a route with decent
quality. You can actually get through to some distant nodes using this
method if you have the time and patience to work on it.
(We continue with more commands used on the packet nodes in part 11)
____ __ ____ ___ _ _ ____ ____ ____ ____
( __)( )(___ \ / __)( \/ )( _ \ ( _ \( _ \/ ___)
) _) )( / __/( (_ \ ) / ) _ ( ) _ ( ) _ (\___ \
(____)(__)(____) \___/(__/ (____/ (____/(____/(____/
PART OF THE DONEGAL PACKET RADIO NETWORK
Packet: EI2GYB@EI2GYB.DGL.IRL.EURO
Email: EI2GYB@GMAIL.COM
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