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EI2GYB > ASTRO 07.09.21 11:20l 108 Lines 5521 Bytes #999 (0) @ WW
BID : 14182_EI2GYB
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Subj: A quarter of sunlike stars eat their own planets
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Sent: 210907/0913Z @:EI2GYB.DGL.IRL.EURO #:14182 BPQ6.0.22
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A quarter of sunlike stars eat their own planets, according to new research
How rare is our solar system? In the 30 years or so since planets were first
discovered orbiting stars other than our sun, we have found that planetary
systems are common in the galaxy. However, many of them are quite different
from the solar system we know.
The planets in our solar system revolve around the sun in stable and almost
circular paths, which suggests the orbits have not changed much since the
planets first formed. But many planetary systems orbiting around other stars
have suffered from a very chaotic past.
The relatively calm history of our solar system has favored the flourishing of
life here on Earth. In the search for alien worlds that may contain life, we
can narrow down the targets if we have a way to identify systems that have had
similarly peaceful pasts.
Our international team of astronomers has tackled this issue in research
published in Nature Astronomy. We found that between 20% and 35% of sunlike
stars eat their own planets, with the most likely figure being 27%.
This suggests at least a quarter of planetary systems orbiting stars similar to
the sun have had a very chaotic and dynamic past.
Chaotic histories and binary stars
==================================
Astronomers have seen several exoplanetary systems in which large or
medium-sized planets have moved around significantly. The gravity of these
migrating planets may also have perturbed the paths of the other planets or
even pushed them into unstable orbits.
In most of these very dynamic systems, it is also likely some of the planets
have fallen into the host star. However, we didn't know how common these
chaotic systems are relative to quieter systems like ours, whose orderly
architecture has favoured the flourishing of life on Earth.
Even with the most precise astronomical instruments available, it would be very
hard to work this out by directly studying exoplanetary systems. Instead, we
analysed the chemical composition of stars in binary systems.
Binary systems are made up of two stars in orbit around one another. The two
stars generally formed at the same time from the same gas, so we expect they
should contain the same mix of elements.
However, if a planet falls into one of the two stars, it is dissolved in the
star's outer layer. This can modify the chemical composition of the star, which
means we see more of the elements that form rocky planets - such as iron - than
we otherwise would.
Traces of rocky planets
=======================
We inspected the chemical makeup of 107 binary systems composed of sunlike
stars by analysing the spectrum of light they produce. From this, we
established how many of stars contained more planetary material than their
companion star.
We also found three things that add up to unambiguous evidence that the
chemical differences observed among binary pairs were caused by eating planets.
First, we found that stars with a thinner outer layer have a higher probability
of being richer in iron than their companion. This is consistent with
planet-eating, as when planetary material is diluted in a thinner out layer it
makes a bigger change to the layer's chemical composition.
Second, stars richer in iron and other rocky-planet elements also contain more
lithium than their companions. Lithium is quickly destroyed in stars, while it
is conserved in planets. So an anomalously high level of lithium in a star must
have arrived after the star formed, which fits with the idea that the lithium
was carried by a planet until it was eaten by the star.
Third, the stars containing more iron than their companion also contain more
than similar stars in the galaxy. However, the same stars have standard
abundances of carbon, which is a volatile element and for that reason is not
carried by rocks. Therefore these stars have been chemically enriched by rocks,
from planets or planetary material.
The hunt for Earth 2.0
======================
These results represent a breakthrough for stellar astrophysics and exoplanet
exploration. Not only have we found that eating planets can change the chemical
composition of sunlike stars, but also that a significant fraction of their
planetary systems underwent a very dynamic past, unlike our solar system.
Finally, our study opens the possibility of using chemical analysis to identify
stars that are more likely to host true analogs of our calm solar system.
There are millions of relatively nearby stars similar to the sun. Without a
method to identify the most promising targets, the search for Earth 2.0 will be
like the search for the proverbial needle in a haystack.
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