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KF5JRV > TECH 04.09.16 16:31l 93 Lines 5244 Bytes #999 (0) @ WW
BID : 1394_KF5JRV
Read: GUEST
Subj: Pocket programming
Path: IW8PGT<CX2SA<N0KFQ<KF5JRV
Sent: 160904/1415Z 1394@KF5JRV.#NWAR.AR.USA.NA BPQK1.4.65
Pocket programming
Four-function calculators that could add, subtract, multiply, and divide were,
without doubt, great feats of engineering, but they remained limited devices
best suited to simple arithmetic. In 1972 a huge advance beyond the
four-function was released: a pocket scientific calculator that could compute
transcendental functions like logarithms and square roots and that could be
programmed to solve complex equations. Hewlett-Packard (HP) and Texas
Instruments (TI) led the way in making electronic calculators essential
tools for professionals and students, and placed calculators at the vanguard
of the era of home programming.
'The world's first pocket calculator that challenges a computer'
The HP-35 met the challenge that Bill Hewlett set to his engineering
team: miniaturising the typewriter-sized HP 9100A, which had been released in
1968. The HP-35 performed all of the same functions as the 9100A, a triumph of
miniaturization achieved through the use of microchips and the application of
Reverse Polish Notation (RPN).
RPN used a postfix operator (for instance, 2 + 3 would be written as 2 3 +),
which allowed more efficient use to be made of limited memory. HP fanatics
would make much of the fact that there was no '=' sign on the device. One
would simply press 'ENTER' at the end of a string of instructions, and this
ability to store instructions made the '35' the world's first pocket
programmable calculator. More than 50,000 units were sold in the first year
despite the very high price of $395, proving the consultants who urged the
company not to sell such an expensive calculator wrong.
However, HP did not initially market the device as a 'calculator' - seen by
professionals and scientists as too approximate and expensive - but rather as
an "electronic slide rule".People whose practices depended upon accurate
calculation and had, for their entire lives, used a slide rule, could now
compute rapidly and accurately on a device costing less than $5.
HP invested in advertising that showed calculations on the HP-35 done against
a slide rule expert, showing that its machine was much faster and more
accurate than the traditional device. Furthermore, the use of RPN was
highlighted to indicate the HP-35's similarity to a much larger computer.
The rise of pocket programming
Launched in 1974, the HP-65 became HP's flagship model. Though it
bore a hefty price of $795 at its launch, its quick rise in popularity showed
that individuals were prepared to take on the expenses associated with owning
a personalisable and powerful device.
In particular, the HP-65 became known for its innovative magnetic cards. These
could store programs and specify functions for the calculator's top row of
keys. HP created sets of applications for various professions, known as
'pacs', and created an iconography that bears resemblance to today's
smartphone apps. One might say that these calculator program pacs were the
first freestanding software to be made widely available. The calculator was
intended for use in everything from chemical engineering to aviation to tax
calculation, with special pacs for each task.
Just as importantly, users could program their own magnetic cards and submit
their work to HP, who would publish programs authored by users in a library.
Keeping the rejection rate high meant that having a program in the catalogue
was a point of pride, and HP implemented a rewards system for its most skilled
home programmers, awarding points redeemable for other programs and hardware.
HP also created a users' newsletter that discussed both hardware and programs,
and made the community of users and programmers visible. Similar grassroots
organisations helped coordinate programming to make the calculator more
powerful and personal. One group in particular, PPC, helped facilitate smaller
groups across multiple continents, and even had HP manufacture a large
Read-Only Memory (ROM) attachment for a later model, the HP-41C.
Although it is hard to think of calculators as revolutionary devices in the
mould of the first personal computers, users turned these programmable
calculators into far more than number crunchers. TI's devices were also
popular, although they opted for algebraic notation over RPN, which maintained
a more direct relationship with the problems being computed. HP's devices were
seen as tools on which one could experiment with programming strategies.
The 1980s involved, in the words of one prominent computer scientist, a
'reformation' of computing technologies:
"In the 1980s, the rest of us became somewhat knowledgeable about
computing because everyone had one of these personal computers on their
desks...In certain ways, it was like the Protestant Reformation. We all
could do it in the privacy of our homes, and we didn't need the priest."
Programmable calculators familiarised users with the investment - of both time
and money - in personal computing devices. Many users saw their calculators
similarly to how we see our smartphones today: tools we could take anywhere in
order to navigate the world with computing power.
73, Scott kf5jrv
KF5JRV @ KF5JRV.#NWAR.AR.USA.NA
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