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LW1DSE > TECH 10.12.17 15:21l 473 Lines 17064 Bytes #999 (0) @ WW
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Subj: DOS Commands
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A list of DOS commands for Microsoft's MS-DOS operating system
follows. In versions 5 and later only, the user can get help by typing HELP
at the shell prompt. (Before version 6, the help displayed by this command is
very basic and not interactive.) In the interactive help of versions 6 and
later, square brackets indicate optional parameters, while italicized items
should be replaced with specific values.
In DOS version 5 or later, to get help on a DOS command, at the DOS
prompt, type /? after the command name. For example, to get help for the xcopy
command, type the following at the DOS prompt:
xcopy /?
The operating system will not execute the command but instead display
a help page on the command, in this case xcopy. To view this help page, see
the xcopy entry on this page or click here.
In the list below, when a command can accept more than one filename,
or a filename including wildcards (* and ?), it is said to accept a filespec
parameter. Commands that can accept only a single filename are said to accept
a filename parameter.
For most of the commands, the Unix equivalent is given. It should be
noted that Unix commands typically provide ranges of functionality and
flexibility that are not approached by the equivalent DOS command, so all
comparisons are approximate. For example, the DOS commands copy and xcopy are
said to be equivalent to the Unix cp command, but in reality cp has much
greater power than both copy and xcopy combined. On the other hand, move and
ren have much more power in DOS.
Wikibooks has more about this subject:
Guide to Windows commands:
-------------------------
Contents
* 1 Commands
o 1.1 attrib
o 1.2 cd or chdir
o 1.3 chkdsk
o 1.4 cls
o 1.5 copy
o 1.6 copy device
o 1.7 defrag
o 1.8 del or erase
o 1.9 deltree
o 1.10 dir
o 1.11 echo
o 1.12 exit
o 1.13 fdisk
o 1.14 find
o 1.15 format
o 1.16 help
o 1.17 InterSvr
o 1.18 label
o 1.19 md or mkdir
o 1.20 mem
o 1.21 memmaker
o 1.22 more
o 1.23 move
o 1.24 msd
o 1.25 pcpark
o 1.26 rd or rmdir
o 1.27 rem
o 1.28 ren
o 1.29 scandisk
o 1.30 set
o 1.31 sort
o 1.32 time and date
o 1.33 tree
o 1.34 truename
o 1.35 type
o 1.36 undelete
o 1.37 ver
o 1.38 xcopy
* 2 External links Commands:
---------------------------
attrib : Change or view the attributes of one or more files. It defaults to
displaying the attributes of all files in the current directory.
Options:
* To add an attribute attach a '+' in front of it.
* To remove an attribute attach a '-' in front of it
* Attributes include
o A - Archived (used mainly by file archiving software)
attrib [+|-ahrs] [filespec]
cd or chdir : Change current directory.
cd directory
chkdsk : Verifies a hard disk or a floppy disk for file system integrity.
Options:
* /F : Fixes errors on the disk
* /V : Displays the full path and name of every file on the disk
chkdsk drive [[path]filename] [/F] [/V]
cls : Clears the screen.
cls
copy : Copies files from one location to another. The destination defaults to
the current directory. If multiple source files are indicated, the destination
must be a directory, or an error will result.
copy filespec [destination]
Files may be copied to devices (e.g. "copy file lpt1" would send the file to
the printer on lpt1. "copy file con" would output to screen, which would be
the same as type.
Most useful to note that "copy file.txt+file2.txt file_cat.txt" will
concatenate the files and output them as file_cat.txt. Which is just like the
"cat" command.
copy device
copy device filename
In this usage, data is written from the given device to the file until the
end-of-file character (ASCII character 26, which may be typed as ctrl-Z) is
encountered. The most commonly used device is named con, which is short for
"console"; thus, copy con filename would allow the user to type directly into
a file, and press ctrl-Z when finished.
defrag : Defragments disk drive
defrag driveletter
del or erase : Deletes files.
del filename
erase filename
To delete files in Quiet mode
del /Q filename
deltree : Deletes a directory along with all of the files and subdirectories
that it contains. Normally, it will ask for confirmation of such a drastic
action.
deltree [/y] directory
The /y parameter if present tells the deltree command to carry out without
first prompting for confirmation.
The deltree command isn't included in recent Microsoft Windows operating
systems. Deleting a non-empty directory in those versions of Windows where
the command is not included, can be achieved by the use of the rmdir command
as in the following example:
rmdir /s directory
dir : Displays contents of a directory.
Options :
* /w : Wide list format
* /p : Pause at every page
* /s : Also look in subdirectories
* /a[xx] : Display files with the specified attributes only
* /o[xx] : Modifies sort order
* /b : Uses bare format (no heading information or summary)
dir [options] [filespec]
echo : Prints its own arguments back out to the DOS equivalent of the standard
output stream. Usually, this means directly to the screen, but the output of
echo can be redirected like any other command. Often used in batch files to
print text out to the user.
echo this is text Outputs 'this is text'
echo. Outputs a blank line
Another important use of the echo command is to toggle echoing of commands on
and off in batch files.
echo on turns on echoing of commands
echo off turns off echoing of commands
Traditionally batch files begin with the @echo off statement. This says to
the interpreter that echoing of commands should be off during the whole
execution of the batch file thus resulting in a "tidier" output. The @ symbol
declares that this particular command (echo off) should also be executed
without echo. For example the following 2 batch files are equivalent:
Batch1.bat:
@echo off
echo The files in your root directory:
dir /b /a-d c:\
Batch2.bat:
@echo The files in your root directory:
@dir /b /a-d c:\
Echo can be used to write to files directly from the console, by redirecting
the output stream:
echo text > filename
Echo can also be used to append to files directly from the console, again by
redirecting the output stream:
echo text >> filename
To type more than one line from the console into a file, use copy con (above).
exit : Exits the current batch script or the controlling thread. When running
from Windows this will close the command prompt.
EXIT [/B] [exitcode]
/B Exit the current batch script and set ERRORLEVEL to exitcode
Without this option, the controlling thread and any intermediate
batch files are immediately exited, and the process return code
is set to exitcode.
fdisk : Manipulates hard disk partition tables. The name derives from IBM's
habit of calling hard drives fixed disks. When run from the command line, it
displays a menu of various partitioning operations:
1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive
2. Set active partition
3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive
4. Display partition information
5. Change current fixed disk drive
find : A filter to find lines in the input data stream that contain or don't
contain a specified string and send these to the output data stream.
Find may also be used as a pipe.
find "keyword" < ''inputfilename'' > ''outputfilename''
Searches for a text string in a file or files.
FIND [/V] [/C] [/N] [/I] "string" [[drive:][path]filename[ ...]]
/V Displays all lines NOT containing the specified string.
/C Displays only the count of lines containing the string.
/N Displays line numbers with the displayed lines.
/I Ignores the case of characters when searching for the string.
"string" Specifies the text string to find.
[drive:][path]filename Specifies a file or files to search.
If a pathname isn't specified, FIND searches the text typed at the prompt
or piped from another command.
format : Delete all the files on the disk and reformat it for MS-DOS
In most cases, this should only be used on floppy drives or other removable
media. This command can potentially erase everything on a computer's hard
disk.
/autotest and /backup is an undocumented feature. Adding it formats the drive
without a confirmation prompt.
format [options] drive
FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/F:size] [/B | /S] [/C]
FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/T:tracks /N:sectors] [/B | /S] [/C]
FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/1] [/4] [/B | /S] [/C]
FORMAT drive: [/Q] [/1] [/4] [/8] [/B | /S] [/C]
/V[:label] Specifies the volume label.
/Q Performs a quick format.
/F:size Specifies the size of the floppy disk to format (such
as 160, 180, 320, 360, 720, 1.2, 1.44, 2.88).
/B Allocates space on the formatted disk for system files.
/S Copies system files to the formatted disk.
/T:tracks Specifies the number of tracks per disk side.
/N:sectors Specifies the number of sectors per track.
/1 Formats a single side of a floppy disk.
/4 Formats a 5.25-inch 360K floppy disk in a high-density drive.
/8 Formats eight sectors per track.
/C Tests clusters that are currently marked "bad."
help : Gives help about DOS.
help 'command' would give help on a specific command, in MS-DOS 6 a HELP
program was started which would give more details and examples, earlier
versions basically gave the same information as command/? would give.
InterSvr : MS-DOS 6 and above command used to network PCs using a null modem
cable or LapLink cable. The server-side version of InterLnk, it also
immobilizes the machine it's running on as it's an active app (As opposed to
a TSR) which must be running for any transfer to take place.
label : Changes the label on a logical drive, such as a hard disk partition
or a floppy disk.
md or mkdir : Makes a new directory. The parent of the directory specified
must already exist.
md directory
mem
Displays memory usage.
memmaker : Starting from version 6, MS-DOS included the external program
MemMaker which was used to free system memory (especially Conventional memory)
by automatically reconfiguring Autoexec.bat and Config.sys files. This was
usually done by moving TSR Programs to the Upper memory. The whole process
required 3 system restarts. Before the first restart the user was asked
whether he wanted to enable EMS Memory or not.
The use of MemMaker was popular among gamers who wanted to enable or disable
Expanded memory in order to run a game which required EMS or not. The result
would however not be as good as someone changing the settings themself.
Options :
* /BATCH Runs MemMaker in batch (unattended) mode. In batch mode, MemMaker
takes the default action at all prompts.
* /UNDO Instructs MemMaker to undo its most recent changes.
more : Pages through the output so that you can view more than one screen of
text.
command | more
More may also be used as a filter.
more < inputfilename
move : Moves or renames a file.
move filename newfilename
msd : Provides detailed technical information about the computer's hardware
and software.
msd
pcpark : Parks the hard disk(s) (stops their turning) in order to enable safe
shutdown; only used on early versions.
pcpark
MS-DOS 3.2 (and possibly others) used the command HHSET
rd or rmdir : Remove a directory, which must be empty of files for the
command to succeed.
rd directory
rem : Remark statement, normally used within a batch file. However on the
command line, rem can also be used to create a zero length file by
redirecting an empty remark statement to a filename.
rem > newfilename
An alternative way to not run a specific statement in a batch file is
creating a label that will never be used, ::.
ren : Renames a file. Unlike the move command, this command can't be used to
rename subdirectories, or rename files across drives.
ren filename newname
A more useful function of this command is to mass rename files by the use of
wildcards. For example, the following command will change the extension of
all files in the current directory from htm to html:
ren *.htm *.html
scandisk : Disk diagnostic utility
scandisk driveletter
Scandisk is a replacement for the chkdsk utility. Its primary advantages over
chkdsk is that it is more reliable and has the ability to run a surface scan
which finds and marks bad clusters on the disk. It is present on 16/32-bit
MS-DOS-based versions of Windows like Windows 95, 98, 98SE, and Me. chkdsk
has surface scan and bad cluster detection functionality built in on Windows
NT based operating systems.
set : Sets environmental variables. See Environment variable.
sort : A filter to sort lines in the input data stream and send them to the
output data stream.
sort < inputfilename > outputfilename
time and date
Set/display the date and time
date
time
tree : Shows the directory tree of the current directory
Options:
/F (Displays the names of the files in each folder.)
/A (Use ASCII instead of the extended characters.)
tree [options] [directory]
truename
truename filename : Outputs the entire path (full directory and filename) of
a file. For example, if the working drive and directory were C:\PROGRAMS and
one typed truename fish<HARDDRIVE>, the output would be C:\PROGRAMS\FISH.
This command was rarely, if ever, documented in DOS manuals.
type : Display a file. The more command is frequently used in conjunction
with this command, e.g. type long-text-file | more.
type filename
undelete : Restores file previously deleted with del. By default all
recoverable files in the working directory are restored. The options are used
to change this behaviour. If the MS-DOS mirror TSR program is used, then
deletion tracking files are created and can be used by undelete.
Options :
* /list : lists the files that can be undeleted.
* /all : Recovers all deleted files without prompting. Uses a number sign for
missing first character.
* /DOS : Recover only MS-DOS aware files, ignore deletion tracking file.
* /dt : Recover only deletion tracking file aware files.
undelete [filespec] [/list|/all][/DOS|/dt]
ver : Shows the version of MS-DOS you are using.
Some versions of MS-DOS support an undocumented /r switch, which will show
the revision as well as the version.
ver [/r]
xcopy : Copy entire directory trees.
xcopy directory [destination-directory]
Copies files and directory trees.
XCOPY source [destination] [/A | /M] [/D[:date]] [/P] [/S [/E]] [/W]
[/C] [/I] [/Q] [/F] [/L] [/H] [/R] [/T] [/U]
[/K] [/N]
source Specifies the file(s) to copy.
destination Specifies the location and/or name of new files.
/A Copies files with the archive attribute set,
doesn't change the attribute.
/M Copies files with the archive attribute set,
turns off the archive attribute.
/D:date Copies files changed on or after the specified date.
If no date is given, copies only those files whose
source time is newer than the destination time.
/P Prompts you before creating each destination file.
/S Copies directories and subdirectories except empty ones.
/E Copies directories and subdirectories, including empty ones.
Same as /S /E. May be used to modify /T.
/W Prompts you to press a key before copying.
/C Continues copying even if errors occur.
/I If destination doesn't exist and copying more than one file,
assumes that destination must be a directory.
/Q Doesn't display file names while copying.
/F Displays full source and destination file names while copying.
/L Displays files that would be copied.
/H Copies hidden and system files also.
/R Overwrites read-only files.
/T Creates directory structure, but does not copy files. Doesn't
include empty directories or subdirectories.
/T /E includes empty directories and subdirectories.
/U Updates the files that already exist in destination.
/K Copies attributes. Normal Xcopy will reset read-only attributes.
/Y Overwrites existing files without prompting.
/-Y Prompts you before overwriting existing files.
/N Copy using the generated short names.
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